Teaching Overseas: Third Culture Kids

I often get questions about what it is like to live overseas. I’m never sure how to begin my answer. Hence, I have the utmost admiration for those who can succinctly and honestly explain what it is like to live between countries.

As I was reading Twitter posts today, I came across @drieculturen. The microblog author, Janneke, pointed to her longer blog post about Third Culture Kids. In the post, Janneke included a trailer to the movie ”Neither here nor There” produced by Eman Ryan Yamazaki.

I learned about Third Culture Kids (TCKs) in my early 30s when I began teaching overseas. Having never before lived outside of my native Oregon, I read as much as possible so that I could better understand the students in my classroom.

Much is written about Third Culture Kids, but what I like most about Janneke’s blog is that it is written by a Third Culture Kid. Not only do I enjoy the honesty of her post, I am moved by her poetry.

As I look around at my International School colleagues (many of whom are TCKs), I wonder if adults develop a “Third Culture” too. When I arrived in my school, I didn’t “fit” – and I knew it right away. I dressed differently. I listened to conversations about visits to KL, having to mentally process world cities until (minutes later) figuring out they were talking about Kuala Lumpur. I couldn’t fathom hiring a Filipina helper to clean my house – an American woman can do everything herself.

I’m not sure what I said early in my third year, but one of my friends told me, “You’re now sounding like a full-fledged expat”. Twelve years later, I feel it. When asked Where are you from?, I pause. I’ve lived over 1/4 of my life outside of my passport country. I married an Aussie and spend more time in Australia than in America. I can compare and contrast international frequent flyer programs. Summer Christmases no longer seem unusual.

And, if I’m honest, I’ve begun to feel like an “outsider” when I visit America. My wardrobe feels out of place in a way I can’t explain. While I pay attention to politics and I vote, I don’t get as worked up about American politics as I did in the past. Front pages of magazines and tabloids include people I don’t recognize (not all the reality shows make it overseas). I notice people smirk lovingly when they hear me talking about mobile phones or taking the lift to my flat. I can’t figure out which side of the road to drive on.

Yet I know those odd feelings are small compared to the “outsider” feelings as TCK must have when entering an American university. If you teach overseas – or are considering a post overseas, I highly recommend subscribing to Janneke’s blog.

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Book Club Project Prezis

My 5th graders recently participated in Historical Fiction Book Clubs.

Their projects were graded on the extent to which students could:

  • Demonstrate reflection on characters, settings, and small details by referring to post-its in the book club meetings (observed during book club meetings).
  • Read nonfiction to enhance understanding of the historical fiction text.
  • Demonstrate comprehension of historical fiction text.
  • Provide evidence of original thoughts and how those thoughts changed or were reinforced throughout the story. This tended to be the formulation of a “big idea” that could be supported with evidence from the text.

While students could use any project format to demonstrate learning, a few groups used Prezi.

Here are some examples:

While technology was not the goal, the students were able to effectively use technology to meet the reading objectives. One BIG advantage of the Prezi tool is that students can work on the project from multiple computers simultaneously. Once the group knew what they wanted to communicate, they divided up the projects, each person working on a different part.

My teaching partner and I gave very little instruction on the use of Prezi. The online tutorials worked really well. Students who chose to use Prezi demonstrated self-motivated learning because they took extra time to go through the tutorials in order to learn the tool.

How have you used (or how might you use) Prezi in the classroom?

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From Pre-Assessments to Differentiated Instruction

Once you have enough information to clearly determine the knowledge and skills students already possess, you quickly realize that you can’t teach exactly the same lesson to all students.

  • Some students need a full lesson and repeated practice to master the objectives.
  • Some students can learn the objective in half the class time.
  • Some students have fully mastered the objective and need something more complex to further their learning.

Early in my teaching career, the two latter groups of students really got the shaft. I made them sit through a lesson and demonstrate learning they had already mastered. Then, to keep them busy, I’d assign them more of the same.

What Differentiation is Not
Differentiation does not mean permanent groupings. When you have a permanent “high” group, those students may miss important objectives they have not yet mastered. Students in a permanent “low” group may have areas of strength that need to be challenged.

Differentiation is not an excuse to have students work in complete independence. When I was in school, my teachers had me “work ahead”, submitting assignments at my own pace and rarely interacting with me. Teachers have a responsibility to help students who have already mastered grade-level objectives reach their learning potential. Students who have mastered grade level content deserve teacher interaction and facilitation. For more information on teaching gifted students, click here.

Differentiation is not the sole responsibility of learning specialists. Learning specialists tend to serve large numbers of students in multiple classrooms – each with a different schedule. Students deserve much more frequent differentiation.

Differentiation is not a complete second or third set of lesson plans. Students who have demonstrated knowledge/skills on a pretest do not necessarily skip an entire lesson. Rather, they receive the lesson at a different level of sophistication.

Examples of Differentiation in Math
In math, we are working on graphing ordered pairs. Many students have experience graphing coordinates where letters are placed on the x-axis and numbers on the y-axis, as they are in the game of Battleship. Students are introduced to the (x,y) ordered pair and they demonstrate the ability to graph such coordinates.

Other students have graphed coordinates but have difficulty remembering to first move along the x-axis. Those students quickly master (re-master?) the concept. As an extension, I ask these students predict what would happen if the x-coordinate was doubled. What if the x-coordinate was negated? What happens if we do the same to y-coordinates? Can they use math vocabulary to explain their reasoning?

Another student was able to easily explain effects of changing x- and y-coordinates. I pulled him aside, helping him connect equations such as y = 3x + 2 to ordered pairs and the graphing of lines. I then asked him to play around with different multiplies until he could explain what happens to a line when the multiple changed.

Same basic lesson – but at varying levels of sophistication.

Examples of Differentiation in Literacy
Students recently wrote Realistic Fiction stories. A couple students were able to, in a short amount of time, create a story that met all unit objectives. As most students continued their rough drafts, I asked those two students to conference together, discussing how their stories might incorporate symbolism. To what extent does each story have a message? A dynamic character? How would the story change if the character was given one magical power?

In reading, similar skills can be taught with varying levels of text sophistication. While some students are learning to use headings and paragraphs to understand nonfiction texts, others can study essays of Nobel Prize winners or famous speeches. How did those authors organize their work without clear headings?

How to Differentiate
1. Start slowly. You’ll quickly burn out if you try to differentiate every lesson all by yourself. Aim for one or two lessons each unit and add a few each year.

2. Work with colleagues. Working together, groups of teachers can add to the files of differentiated resources. If you have a teaching partner or colleague who teaches the same units at the same time, have one teacher take students who need the regular lesson and the other teacher can take those who need extensions. The next day, one teacher takes those who need re-teaching or pre-teaching while the other teacher follows up with the regular and/or extension group. If learning specialists are involved, the differentiation is even more powerful.

3. Flip lessons. Videos take time to make, but they can be used over and over again. Video lessons do not replace the teacher – but they can get groups of students started while the teacher is working with another group.

When videos are used in the classroom, groups of students can watch them together, pause, reflect, and synthesize ideas. Students are then given a project, a mini-project, or a task to complete. Be clear what students need to accomplish and show the teacher when he/she arrives.

Differentiated instruction takes practice. It requires new structures of classroom management. How do you manage differentiated instruction?

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Differentiation: Using Pretests

We’ve all been told that students learn at different rates and enter class with diverse levels of knowledge. Rebecca Alber wrote an article saying that, when she coaches teachers, many ask What does differentiation look like?

Differentiation begins with the analysis of student work.

Math
Differentiation begins with a pre-test. It doesn’t have to be long. Put together two questions from each lesson in a unit.

Here is a partial example of a unit pretest:

Created by colleague Mary Ellen Ryan

After the pre-test, tick off the objectives each student has already mastered. Notice that no child has a full grasp of all objectives. Hence, the “extension” group must be flexible by lesson. (Note: Student names are fabricated).

Reading and Writing
The first piece you need is paper that looks something like this:

When you notice patterns in student work, write down topics for mini-lessons. List names of students who need the mini-lesson. Pull the students for a small group session during workshop time. You can create the same “boxes” with on-screen Stickies.

Each year I get a file of student work from the previous teacher. I wish I had time to read carefully through each piece. I choose to spend the most time looking at the Diagnostic Reading Inventory (DRA 2) sheets.

The bad news about DRA 2 sheets is that the assessment may be an indication of writing skills as much as (if not more than) reading skills. The good news about DRA 2 sheets is that the assessment may be assessing writing skills. So I use it for both. Here is an example of the summary page:

What can I learn about this student as a reader?

  • The child sees the beginning, middle, and end of the story.
  • He/she can concisely list the main details of a story.
  • He/she identifies character feelings and actions.
  • He/she includes more details from the beginning of the story than the end.
  • More or less, the writing suggests literal comprehension is at grade level.

I would use other pages to check the student’s reading habits and his/her ability to use specific reading skills. The first couple weeks of school, I would need to have an individual conference with the reader to confirm my DRA-based impressions.

What can I learn about this student as a writer?

  • He/she organizes writing in a sequential fashion.
  • He/she is able to communicate ideas.
  • He/she uses vocabulary acceptable for a fifth grader.
  • He/she uses a consistent tense.
  • Paragraphing is present, but not indented.
  • The student needs lessons on plurals and possessives
  • Spelling patterns deserve further investigation.

The folder also has a narrative writing sample. A quick glance confirms or refutes my initial impressions.

Poetry begins this week. We assessed students’ poetry writing by simply saying “Write a poem.” My teaching partner and I will review those to see which students use imagery, which students take the poem through the entire writing process, and more. To assess students’ poetry reading, we had them analyze an Emily Dickenson poem. Again, we will compare to see which students discussed important lines or words, which students examined meanings beyond the literal…

How does pre-assessment lead to differentiated instruction?
Great question – to be answered in a future post.

I wish I could tell you a super-quick way of pre-assessing students. The analysis time is worth it, though. If we want to differentiate instruction, we first need to know which students need which lesson(s).

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Top 10 Lessons Learned the First Year Overseas

A few weeks ago, International School Services tweeted the question What did you learn in your first year of International School teaching?

1. Human Resources personnel and principals are your best friends.
After receiving the official job offer, I must have emailed Human Resources once per week. Should I bring x? Does the school have y? What rare tropical diseases might I encounter? Japanese Encephalitis exists outside of Japan???

Visa paperwork can be overwhelming: health checks, copies of transcripts and diplomas, proof of vaccinations. If you have pets, plan on a separate set of procedures.

2. International Schools have a culture of their own.
I signed to join a group who met monthly to discuss critical issues related to education. One of our first topics for discussion was Third Culture Kids (TCKs). I learned that many of my students have never lived in their passport countries. Also, they do not regularly interact with host country children. The students develop a culture of their own.

I’ve since realized that overseas faculties are much the same. Teachers in more politically unstable countries live on compounds and rely on each other for socialization and general sanity. Faculties in large cities tend to get out and mingle with other expats – many of whom are not teachers. Some schools tend to attract younger folks in search of adventure. I landed at a school with a rich history that could be learned from colleagues who had been at the school more than 20 years.

3. Different cultures give teachers varying amounts of respect.
Although I left the USA before the infamous passage of No Child Left Behind, I heard and read plenty of criticism about the state of education in America. I taught in a district without music or PE teachers. Colleagues in other districts were put on paper rations and were required to dust and mop their classrooms. The school district had many active, wonderful parents. Also, the school district held restraining orders against parents who had threatened staff and students.

My first parent night overseas: At least one parent of every student showed up. Dressed up. Took notes. Parents frequently brought gifts. If I called a parent about a discipline issue, the issue never arose again.

4. Expat parents expect a LOT.
While parents gave me a huge amount of respect, they kept me on my toes. “Average” and “Meeting Expectations” were unacceptable grades for many. They wanted to know what else could be done to ensure that their 10-year-old entered an Ivy League university. For some, standardized test scores below the 95th percentile were reason for an extra parent-teacher conference. Perhaps that is not true in all schools, but it was true in mine.

5. Absentee parentism is as prevalent in rich schools as in poor schools – but it looks different.
The main reasons parents had such high expectations for their children was that the parents expected a lot of themselves. Many of my students’ parents were bilingual and traveled throughout Asia overseeing factories, starting joint venture companies, attending regional CEO meetings, and more.

The kids missed their parents. They eagerly awaited parents’ return home. Some felt abandoned because, even when parents were home, they were on regular conference calls.

In the end, many students spent less time with their parents than did students in my former USA public school. Kids of divorced parents typically saw Dad on Wednesdays and every other weekend. The international students were never sure when Dad (and sometimes Mom) would be home again.

6. One of the most valuable forms of professional development is working with teachers who are natives of other countries.
When I hear of Common Core Standards, I recall the first year I taught with an Australian teacher. While I was struggling to figure student grades by rubrics and percentages, I watched her create checklists of things students needed to know. She ticked the boxes when students had mastered standards. Although I didn’t know it at the time, it was called Standards-based education.

Standards-based marking made sense. List what students must know and do, mark progress, and make a special mark when students go above and beyond the standard.

7. You long for the smells of home.
Christmas 2001. I had been in Asia since August. The weather was no longer oppressively hot – it felt like Spring.

One afternoon I opened the classroom door and stopped. Pine smell. Could it be??? I must have looked like a basset hound sniffing the trail. The scent got stronger as I climbed to the third floor, the fourth floor, and around to the office. There stood a Douglas Fir, imported from my home state of Oregon.

I ate my lunch beside the tree every day until the Christmas break. Most of my life, I had taken the smell of pine for granted. Now the scent took me home to my family.

8. There are spices other than salt and pepper.
I lived a meat-and-potatoes childhood. One of the first weeks of school, my colleagues invited me to dinner at an Indian restaurant.

I couldn’t make any sense of the menu but, since all the dishes were served family-style, I let others do the ordering.

I took a bite. My eyes watered. I grabbed beer, gulping it down and praying for my tongue would forgive me. A colleague turned to me and chuckled. He said, Yes, Janet, there are spices other than salt and pepper.

Indian and Thai are now favorites – but they shocked the palette (and the intestines) the first few times.

9. Labels meet different things to different people.
I quickly stopped using the words conservative and liberal. In Australia, the Liberal party is like more like the US Republican party and the Labour is more “Democrat”. I was in a group of South Africans, Dutch, Germans, and Americans. One American was a self-proclaimed conservative. Another in the party turned and said to him, “Oh, so you’re racist.” Whoa.

I’m happy to talk about my feelings on an issue, but I’ve learned to not try and capture the opinions under an umbrella label. Political and religious labels do not translate well across the various forms of English.

10. Life really isn’t fair.
Yesterday I wrote a post for Expat Sisterhood about how my understanding of “woman-hood” has changed since moving overseas.

Early in my first year, I joined a Family Bike Trip into the Pearl River District of Mainland China. I saw Asian poverty for the first time. We passed through rural villages with no plumbing.

We needed a nurse for the Family Bike Trip. One of the families brought along their domestic helper. Their helper had been an Emergency Room nurse in the Philippines. She made more money as a domestic helper (approximately US$400 per month) than she did as a nurse in her home country. She left her two children to work in Hong Kong so that her children could go to High School.

The first summer, I taught English to English teachers in another part of China. As I got to know them, I realized the hardships they face when they are educated, they want to earn more money, but they must apply and wait up to 20 years to move from the village to a city.

I went with a team to deliver scholarships to students in China. These A-students had been accepted into High School but could not attend because the family was unable to pay the required US$150 for annual tuition. We helped 30 young people. Millions are in similar circumstances.

I guess it’s fair to say the learning curve is pretty steep the first year. What did you learn?

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